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"Incomplete inhibition of platelet thromboxane generation, as measured by elevated urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B₂ concentrations, has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events.  We aimed to determine the external validity of this association in aspirin-treated patients enrolled in the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial and to determine whether thare are any modifiable factors or interventions that lower urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B₂ concentrations that could thereby reduce cardiovascular risk."

"In aspirin-treated patients, urinary concentrations of 11-dehydrothromboxane B₂ are an externally valid and potentially modifiable determinant of stroke, myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular death in patients at risk for atherothrombotic events."

"Incomplete inhibition of platelet thromboxane generation, as measured by elevated urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B₂ concentrations, has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events.  We aimed to determine the external validity of this association in aspirin-treated patients enrolled in the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial and to determine whether there are any modifiable factors or interventions that lower urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B₂ concentrations that could thereby reduce cardiovascular risk."

"In aspirin-treated patients, urinary concentrations of 11-dehydrothromboxane B₂ are an externally valid and potentially modifiable determinant of stroke, myocardial infarction or cardiovascular death in patients at risk for atherothrombotic events."

"Chronic obsructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. (Calverley and Walker 2003) In addition to the healthcare costs, COPD imposes a significant burden in terms of disability and impaired quality of life.  Unlike many other leading causes of death and disability, COPD prevalence will raise in the majority of countries as smoking frequency increses and the population ages. (Halbert et al 2006). The World Health Organization predicts that by 2020 COPD will be the 5th most prevalent disease worldwide and the 3rd most common cause of death. "

“CPR upregulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue factor by monocytes, increases the uptake of low-density lipoproteins (LDL by macrophages with foam cells formation and directly induces expression of adhesion molecules by human endothelial cells.”

"The antiplatelet effect of aspirin is attributed to platelet cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition.  Controversy exists on the prevalence of platelet resistance to aspirin in patients with coronary artery disease and effects of aspirin dose on inhibition.  Our primary aim was to determine the degree of platelet aspirin responsiveness in patients, as measured by commonly used methods, and to study the relation of aspirin dose to platelet inhibition."

"Meta-analyses of clinical trials have indicated that aspirin treatment of patients with vascular disease is associated with a 25% to 44% reduction in adverse cardiovascular events.  The antithrombotic effect of aspirin has been primarily attributed to the irreversible blockade of the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme in platelets that leads to attenuation in the production of an important platelet agonist, thromboxane A_2.  In recent years, an increasing number of reports about aspirin resistance has led to a growing concern among clinicians and patients about the efficacy of aspirin treatment.  Various studies have evaluated the antiplatelet effect of aspirin therapy and have reported the prevalence of aspirin resistance to be between 9.4% to 35%."

"Tea-derived polyphenols have attracted considerable attention in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases.  In comparison to tumour cells, the elucidation of their molecular targets in cardiovascular relevant cells is still at the beginning.  Although promising, experimental and clinical data demonstrate protective effects for the cardiovasclar system, little information is actually available on how these beneficial effects of tea polyphenols are mediated at the cellular level.  By affecting the activity of receptor and signal transduction kinases, both catechins and theaflavins - the major ingredients of green and black tea, respectively - exert a variety of cardiovascular beneficial effects."

"Observational studies have associated reduced cardiovascular mortality with chocolate consumption.  Feeding studies of high-dose, flavanol-rich chocolate show antiplatelet effects, but the effect of casual chocolate consumption on platelet function is unknown."

"Despite having similar baseline characteristics, chocolate consumers had longer PFA closure times (130 vs 123 seconds, P=05) and decreased Tx-M levels (175 vs 290 ng/molcreatinine, P=.03). Chocolate remained a significant independent predictor of both ex-vivo and in vivo platelet function testing after adjusting for confounders."

"The primary established effect of aspirin on hemostasis is to impair platelet aggregation via inhibition of platelet thromboxane A₂ synthesis, thus reducing thrombus formation on the surface of the damaged arterial wall."

We review a number of the reported effects of aspirin on 3 basic elements of hemostasis: platelet activation and aggregation, the formation of the fibrin network, and the fibrinolytic process.

Diabetic patients may have a higher prevalence of platelet aspirin resistance than nondiabetic patients.  Our goal was to analyze platelet aspirin responsiveness to various aspirin doses in diabetic and nondiabetic patients."

“Diabetic patients with CAD treated with 81 mg aspirin exhibit a higher prevalence of aspirin resistance and have significantly higher ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation, 11-DHXTB₂ levels, and aspirin reaction units measured by Verify Now than nondiabetic patients.”

"Epidemiological evidence indicates that inflammation accompanies the progression of atherosclerosis.  The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to define relationships between platelet activation and inflammation in patients with mild to severe (stages II to IV) peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) and matched controls.  The effect of chronic administration of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid was investigated."

“A positive correlation between 11-DHTXB₂ and CRP was found in the study population.”

"Several epidemiological studies have reported a negative association between the intake of dietary polyphenols and the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD).  Conversely, a certain number of studies have reported no association."

"The activity of dietary polyphenols on CVD has been attributed to both their antioxidant activity in preventing LDL oxidation, and to their effect on the pathogenesis of thrombosis by interfering with platelet activation and function.  In fact, platelets play an important role not only in the formation of actute thrombus and vessel occulsion, but also in the development of athersclerosis and CVD."

“The anti-aggregating effect depends in part on the specific structure of the phenol, even though great differences in anti-aggregating activity have been observed within each class.”