There are two common diseases affecting the periodotium.  The first is gingivitis, which is defined as inflammation of the gingiva in which the connective tissue attachment to the tooth remains at its original level.  The disease is limited to the soft-tissue compartment of th gingival epithelium and connective tissue.  The second is periodontitis, which is an inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth with progressive attachment loss and bone destruction.  Both diseases and their symptons are veryb common in populations worldwide.  In the USA, adolescents have gingivitis and signs of gingival bleeding, whereas 54% of the adult population in the USA exhibits gingival bleeding.  Thirty-seven per cent of the adult population in the USA suffers from severe periodontitis.  In both cases, the edisease is association with the accumulation of bacteria art the dento-ginvigal margin, while the causal relationship of specific organisms is not fully clear.  The host responds to microbial challenge by generating an inflammatory cell infiltrate in the tissue sub adjacent to the periodontal pocket.  

The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is an independent risk factor for atherocsclerosis.  Chronic intermitent hyooxia (CHI) causes atherosclerosis in the occurrence of a pre-existing hyperlipidemia.  A new pathway, in animal models has been demonstrated that CIH significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion sizes, mRNA levels of Cox-1 and thromboxane synthase (TXBS).  Lesion size is correlated to COX-1 and TXBS mRNA levels.  COX-1 inhibition reduced lesion progression in intermittent hypoxia mice.  This study demonstrated for the first time, that the activation of the COX pathway exposed to CiH is associated with increased atherosclerotic lesions in mice, highlighting early atherosclerosis markers in OSA patients.

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) exhibit an early vascular remodelling and alterations of acid arachidonic pathway 2.  Thromboxane A₂ (TXA2) is a cycloxygenase (COX)-derived metabolite of AA involved in vascular remodelling.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the activation of some components of the cyclooxygenase pathway.  OSA is associated with activation of the thromboxane A₂ (TXA2)-pathway, in which obesity seems to be a major confounding factor.  

Urinary excretion of 11-dTXB₂ did not differ between OSA patients free of cardiovascular complications and healthy volunteers but increased in OSA patients with cormobidities compared to OSA patients without 694.0 (425.9-1235.6) versus 616.0 (354.3-838.2) pg/mg creatinine respectively; p=0.007). Finally, urinary 11-dTXB2 was increased by 30% in OSA Patients with cartoid hypertrophy (IMT>compared to OSA patients without carotid hypertrophy (783.0 (582.8-938.0) versus 592.9 (278.9-782.5) pg/mg creatinine, respect p=0.02).

"Adding spice- in the form of curcumin supplements - to the daily diets of people with risk factors for heart disease may lower inflammation, a new study suggests.

Inflammation is implicated in a wide range of illnesses, from heart disease to cancer and joint pain.  In the eight week trial, researchers found significant reductions in signs of inflammation, such as C-Reactive protein and other blood markers.

"Curcumin is the active ingredient of the famous spice turmeric and has a long history of culinary and medicinal use in the Asian countries," said the study's senior author Amirhossein Sahebkar."

"Urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxand B₂ levels are associated with vascular inflammation and prognosis in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease."

"Atherosclerotic cardio vascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite recent advances in its management and treatment. Inflammation is  key driver of the pathogenesis and progression of ASCVD in preclinical models and humans.  

“Recently published secondary analyses of cardiovascular trials provide the first randomized evidence that daily aspirin use may also reduce the incidence of all cancers combined, even at low doses (75-100 mg daily)”

“10% reduction in overall cancer incidence beginning during the first 10 years of treatment could tip the balance of benefits and risks favourably in average-risk populations.”

"This Reviere considers the general mechanism of action that defines aspirin and other non-steroidal anti inflammtory drugs (NSAIDs) as a class, the specific advantages of aspirin over other NSAIDs for phrophylactic use, the current evidence concerning the main health outcomes affected by aspirin use, and the hypothesis that inhibition of plately activiation may mediate both the cardioprotective and cancer preventive effects of low-dowe aspirin."

“Enhanced platelet activation occurs in colorectal cancer patients. Permanent inactivation of platelet COX-1 by low dose aspirin might restore anti tumor reactivity.”

"Thus we aimed to address whether enhanced platelet activation, as assessed by the measurement of the urinary excretion of 11-dehydro-TXB(2) (a major enzymatic metabolite of TXB(2), occurs in patients with colorectal cancer.  In 10 patients with colorectal cancer, the urinaryu excretion of 11-dehydro-TXB(2) was significantly higher than in 10 controls, matched for sex, age and cardiovascular risk factors"

“The results of clinical studies have shown that the antiplatelet drug aspirin reduces the incidence of vascular events and colorectal cancer.”

“Low-dose aspirin treatment (which is associated with a preferential inhibition of platelet COX-1) causes a 70-80% reduction of urinary 11-dehydro-TXB₂  and 2,3-din-or-TXB₂ excretion.”

"Moreover, the results of clinical studies have shown that the antiplatelet drug aspirin reduces the incidence of vascular events and colorectal cancer.  All these pieces of evidence support the notion that colorectal cancer and atherothrombosis may share a common mechanism of disease, that is, platelet activation in response to epithelial (in tumourigensis) and endothelial (in tumourgenesis and atherothrombosis) injury."

"The connection between diet and cancer has been well established, as affirmed by the considerable international consistency among dietary and lifestyle recommendations for reducing risk of cancer and other chronic diseases. The World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research, and the American Cancer Society guidance each emphasize a plant-based diet, a physically active lifestyle, linited alcohol, and maintaining a healthy weight."

“Both the walnut and fish diets inhibited prostaglandin E metabolite (PGEM) and 11-dehydro thromboxane B₂, but had no effect on IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, or the number of circulating lymphocyte subsets.”

“A plant-based diet is associated with decreased risk for cancer and other chronic diseases, due in part to reduced chronic inflammation.”

“Increased cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression has been described in a variety of human cancers, which has focused attention on TXA₂ as a downstream metabolite of the COX-2-derived PGH2.”

“It is a great importance to further determine whether and how prostanoids, such as TXA_2, mediate the effects of COX-2 in cancer, potentially leading to a more targeted approach for cancer prevention and treatment."