"Oral cancer include malignancy of the oral cavity and oropharynx, 90% of which are squamous cell carcinoma.  Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCCP) is a very aggressive neoplasm and is often diagnosed late in the disease.  Extensive research has demonstrated a relationship between chronic inflammation and a variety of cancer types, including OSCC."

"A significant amount of research indicates that the cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway of inflammation contributes to the development and progression of a variety of cancers, including squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cacity and oropharynx (OSCC). Although there have been promising results from studies examining the utility of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of toxicities, this strategy has been met with only variable success and may make them inappropriate for some OSCC patients.  Improved inflammation-targeting therapies require continued study of the mechanisms linking inflammation and progression of OSCC.  In this review, a synopsis of OSCC biology will be provided, and recent insights into inflammation related mechanisms of OSCC pathobiology will be discussed  The roles of prostaglandin E2 and cluster of differentiation factor 147 (CD147) will be presented, and evidence for their interactions in OSCC will be explored.  Through continued investigation into the protumourigenic pathways of OSCC, more treatment modalities targeting inflammation-related pathways can be designed with the hope of slowing tumour progression and improving patient prognosis in patients with this aggressive form of cancer."

“Breast cancer (BC) is the most common female cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women, worldwide."  Recent data have clearly demonstrated that type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity are among the most important risk factors for postmenopausal estrogen-dependent BC, also suggesting that oxidative stress might represent a shared mechanism for BC initiation and/or progression.

 “The results obtained showed that presurgical urinary excretion of both biomarkers was enhanced in BC patients compared to controls and was associated with patients’ estrogen receptor (ER) expression, but not HER2 status or Ki67 proliferation index. Accordingly, both urinary biomarkers were increased in patients with luminal-like BC molecular subtypes compared with triple negative or HER2-enriched tumors. "The prognostic value of 11-dehydro-TXB2 was then evaluated showing a significant correlation with BC pathological response to neoadjuvant treatment. Furthermore, among relapsing patients, those with elevated urinary biomarker levels were more likely to develop distant metastasis rather than local recurrence."

“Cyclooxygenases have been implicated in mammary tumorigenesis. We sought to identify the key prostaglandin responsible for the pro-neoplastic effect of cyclooxygenases and develop prostaglandin-targeted strategies for breast cancer chemoprevention or therapy."

“Clinically, the thromboxane A2 pathway might be associated with HER2- positive and axillary lymph node metastasis in human breast cancer. We found that the thromboxane A2 pathway was required for breast cancer cell growth, anchorage-independent growth and invasion capabilities."

"Few options besides the avoidance of smoking and obesity are available to prevent pancreatic cancer.  The association between aspirin use and risk of pancreatic cancer has been inconsistent across studies.  

"Regular use of aspirin thus appears to reduce risk of pancreatic cancer by almost half."

"People who take aspirin for prevention of other diseases likely also reduce their risk of pancreatic cancer.  Aside from benefits for both cardiovascular disease and certain cancers, long term aspirin use entails some risks of bleeding complications, which necessitates risk-benefit analysis for individual decisions about use."

"Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers woldwide.  Surgical resection remains the only curative therapeutic treatment for this disease, although only the minority of patients can be resected due to late diagnosis"

"We also demonstrated that curcumin inhibited the proliferation and enhanced the apoptosis of MIA PaCA-2 cells, through the suppression of NF-kB-activation."

Arachidonic acid (AA) pathway, a metabolic process, plays a key role in carcinogensis.  Hence, AA pathway metabolic enzymes phospholipase A₂s (PLA₂S), cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs) and their metabolic products, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, have been considered novel preventive and therapeutic targets in cancer."

"Curcumin, resveratrol, apigenin, anthocyans, berberine, ellagic acid, eugenol, fisetin, ursolic acid, [6]-gingerol, guggulsteone, lycopene and genistein are well known cancer chemopreventive agents which act by targeting multiple pathways, including COX-2."

"The place of aspirin in primary prevention remains controversial, with North American and European organizations issuing contradictory treatment guidelines.  More recently, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommended "initiating low-dose aspirin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer in adults aged 50-59 years who have a 10% or greater 10-year CVD risk, are not at increased risk for bleeding, have a life expectancy of at least 10 years."  This recommendation reflects increasing evidence for a chemopreventive effect of low-dose aspirin against colorectal (and other) cancer.  The intent of this paper is to review the evidence supporting a chemopreventive effect of aspirin, discuss its potential mechanism (s) of action, and provide a conceptual framework for assessing current guidelines in the light of ongoing studies."

"The protective effects of low-dose aspirin against cancer appear to reflect the prevention of early neoplastic transformation throughout the alimentary tract, as well as an antimetastatic action. Both effects may be explained by the antiplatelet effect of low-dose aspirin."

"The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis.  Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CHI) causes atherosclerosis in the occurrence of a pre-existing hyperlipidemia.  A new pathway, in animal models has been demonstrated that CIH significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion sizes, mRNA levels of Cox-1 and thromboxane synthase (TXBS).  Lesion size is correlated to COX-1 and TXBS mRNA levels.  COX-1 inhibition reduced lesion progression in intermittent hypoxia mice.  This study demonstrated for the first time, that the activation of the COX pathway exposed to CIH is associated with increased atherosclerotic lesions in mice, highlighting early atherosclerosis markers in OSA patients."

"Nowadays cancers pose a great threat to the health of human beings.  Based on studies on the flavonoids and other bioactive compounds of citrus fruits in current literature, it was widely suggested that the consumption of citrus fruits is beneficial to the prevention and treatment of human chronic diseases including cancers. In the past decades, the study concerning citrus flavonoids has covered various areas including the type, content and distribution of flavonoids in fruits; their variation between wild and cultivated genotypes; their antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic activities."

"Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors regulate several important physiologic processes of the cell, e.g., cell growth, and apoptosis. Thus, inhibition of NF-κB activation offers a potential strategy for treatment of different malignancies."

"Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States.  Lack of reliable biomarkers remain a critical issue for early detection of Colorectal cancer.  In this study, we investigated the potential predictive values of circulating prostaglandin biosynthes in CRC risk."

“CRC progression is accompanied by a pronounced elevation of systemic TXA₂ biosynthesis.” 

“Measurement of urinary TXA₂ metabolites such as 11-dehydro TXB₂ might provide the best estimate of systemic TXA₂ biosynthesis in vivo”